Short, honest posts about reading: flipped, mirrored and jumbled text, how fast people read, and what the studies actually found. Every number links to its source.
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The jumbled letters email was never a Cambridge study
Only the first and last letters matter, said the 2003 email. There was no Cambridge study, and jumbled words slowed readers by about 11% to 36% when researchers did test it.
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Upside down text takes about 3 times as long to read
What researchers have found about reading flipped, mirrored, jumbled and backwards text, with examples to look at. No timer and nothing to score.